Perfect Infinitive

Perfect Infinitive

- The Perfect Infinitive is formed by using "have" + past participle (3rd column of Irregular Verbs List or V+ed). - It conveys information about the completion of an action. - It can be used in both past and future contexts. Examples: 1. He claims **to have won** a lot of money. (Past: the action is already completed) 2. I am glad **to have found** my soul mate. (Past: the action is already completed) 3. By next Monday, I hope **to have finished** the job. (Future: the action is NOT YET completed) Perfect Infinitive in Past: - Used to indicate that the action of the infinitive occurred before the action of the preceding verb. Examples: 1. She pretended not **to have eaten** the cake. 2. They are expected **to have arrived** by noon. Perfect Infinitive in the Future: - Used to show an action completed before a specific future time. Examples: 1. Before I turn 40, I want **to have written** a book. 2. We hope **to have finished** the building works by the end of March. Conditional Sentences: - Used in third conditional sentences, e.g., "If he had visited her yesterday, she would have enjoyed it." With Modal Verbs: - Used with modal verbs like must, may, should, etc., for assumptions about completed actions. Examples: 1. They must **have gone** for a walk. 2. I may **have been** wrong. Passive Voice: - Used in passive voice constructions. Examples: 1. The file must **have been deleted**. 2. They may **have got married** in June. Can + Perfect Infinitive: - Used for surprise or doubt about a completed action. Examples: 1. Can he **have made** so many mistakes in one sentence?! 2. My friends can't **have said** "No"! Should, Could, Might: - Used to express an attitude toward an action that should have happened but didn't. Examples: 1. You might **have helped** the old lady! 2. We could **have caught** the train. Ought To, Be To: - Used with Perfect Infinitive, but with less reproach. Examples: 1. The meeting ought **to have started** an hour ago. 2. You were **to have made** a special dinner. Complex Subject: - Used in constructions where there is no explicit subject. Examples: 1. He is said **to have finished** the project in May. 2. She seemed **to have fallen** ill. Exercises: 1. Complete the sentence: I was shocked to ____________ (hear) that she had resigned. 2. Translate into English: Он утверждает, что он уже закончил свою домашнюю работу. 3. Fill in the blanks: She pretended not ____________ (eat) the cake. 4. Create sentences using Future Perfect with Perfect Infinitive. 5. Replace highlighted parts: They may ____________ (get) married in June. 6. Paraphrase sentences: It seems that he abandoned his family. 7. Fill in the blanks: The document seems ____________ (sign) by the manager. 8. Create third conditional sentences. 9. Replace highlighted parts: We hope ____________ (finish) the building works by the end of March. 10. Fill in the blanks: The team was proud ____________ (achieve) the highest sales record. Answers to Exercises: 1. I was shocked to have heard that she had resigned. 2. He claims to have already finished his homework. 3. She pretended not to have eaten the cake. 4. By the end of this month, I will have visited three different countries. 5. They may have gotten married in June. 6. He seems to have abandoned his family. 7. The document seems to have been signed by the manager. 8. If he had studied harder, he would have passed the exam. 9. We hope to have finished the building works by the end of March. 10. The team was proud to have achieved the highest sales record.