Perfect Infinitive

Have + Past Participle (3d column of the Irregular Verbs List or V+ed) - is Perfect Infinitive. Роль Perfect Infinitive У англійській мові Perfect Infinitive використовується для передачі інформації про завершеність дії. Perfect Infinitive може використовуватися не лише в минулому, але і в майбутньому! Коли Perfect Infinitive відноситься до минулого, це вказує на те, що дія інфінітива відбулася до дії попереднього дієслова в реченні:

He claims to have won a lot of money. (First, he won the money, then he claimed that he had won it.) The structure ‘have + past participle’ is called a perfect infinitive. Perfect infinitives can have the same kind of meaning as perfect or past tenses.

• I am glad to have found my soul mate. (= I am glad that I have found my soul mate.)
• She was sorry to have missed the show. (= She was sorry that she had missed the show.)
• I hope to have finished the job by next Monday. (= I hope that I will have finished the job by next Monday.)
• She seems to have quit the job. (= It seems that she has quit the job.)
• He seems to have been ill.
• He is known to have abandoned his family.

• She claims to have met a number of famous people, but I don’t believe her. (or She claims she has met …)
•  I would prefer to have stayed at a small, family-run hotel than a big international chain. (I prefer to stay at small hotels, but I did not.)
• He pretended not to have noticed me. (First, she/he didn't notice and then (after some time) pretended)
• I happened to have seen that film before. (First, she/he saw and then (after some time) happened)

У майбутньому Perfect Infinitive використовується для того, щоб показати, що дія буде повністю завершена ДО певного моменту часу:

• Before I turn 40, I want to have written a book.
• I would prefer to have stayed at a small, family-run hotel than a big international chain. (I prefer to stay at small hotels, but I did not yet.)
• We hope to have finished the building works by the end of March.

Perfect Infinitive можна використовувати в таких випадках:

1. Умовні речення 3-го типу:

•  If he had visited her yesterday, she would have enjoyed it.

Present Perfect:

•  I have done it before.

З такими дієсловами, як: claim, expect, hate, hope, like, love, prefer, pretend, report:

• He pretended to have lost her number and so had been unable to contact her. (or He pretended that he had lost her number …)

• She hopes to have completed the assignment by tomorrow.

У складнопідрядних реченнях з дієсловом, у якого немає підмета (non-finite clause). Це може відноситися до подій, які дійсно сталися в минулому, або до подій, які могли б відбутися (але не відбулися)

• To have got the job in the face of such stiff competition was a great achievement. (The person did get the job.)

• To have won the race would have been fantastic, but even coming second was a great achievement. (The person did not win the race.)

В Future Perfect:

• By the end of summer, I will have come back home, to the USA.
• They will have wrapped all the presents by Tuesday

С модальними дієсловами may/might, should, could, would, etc.: a) Після модальних дієслів: Must и May употребляется Перфектний Інфінітив для припущення про вже вчинені дії:

1. They must have gone for a walk.
   • Вони, мабуть, пішли на прогулянку.
2. I may have been wrong.
   • Я, можливо, був не правий.
3. Passive Voice:
   • The file must have been deleted.
     • Можливо, файл був видалений.
   • They may have got married in June.
     • Можливо, вони одружилися в червні.
4. CAN + Perfect Infinitive:Після модального дієслова "Can" також може вживатися Perfect Infinitive, проте основний сенсовий мотив буде трошки інший. У цьому випадку, основною сенсовою метою буде здивування чи сумнів щодо вже вчиненої дії.
   • Can he have made so many mistakes in one sentence?!
     • Невже він зробив стільки помилок в одному реченні?!
   • My friends can't have said "No"!
     • Неможливо, щоб мої друзі сказали "Ні"!
5. SHOULD, COULD і MIGHT для вираження відношення до дії, яка повинна була відбутися, але так і не відбулася. Часто домінуючим сенсом у цій конструкції є докір, але це залежить від контексту.
   • You might have helped the old lady!
     • Ти міг би допомогти старенькій жінці! (докір)
   • We could have caught the train, but the traffic jam was terrible.
     • Могли би встигнути на потяг, але пробка була жахливою.
   • You should have come earlier.
     • Тобі слід було прийти пораніше. (докір і бажання)
6. OUGHT TO, BE TO:Якщо Perfect Infinitive використовується з модальними дієсловами, то підтекст "докір" тут, як правило, відсутній.
   • The meeting ought to have started an hour ago.
     • Зустріч повинна була початися (але не почалася) годину тому.
   • You were to have made a special dinner.
     • Ти повинна була приготувати спеціальний вечерю.
7. Complex Subject:
   • He is said to have finished the project in May.
     • Говорять, що він закінчив проект у травні.
   • She seemed to have fallen ill.
     • Здавалося, що вона захворіла.
   • I am so glad to have found this job.
     • Я такий радий, що знайшов цю роботу.
   • My wife is likely to have lost the car keys.
     • Ймовірно, що моя дружина втратила ключі від автомобіля.
   • Passive Voice:
     • The tourists are reported to have been robbed.
       • Звітують, що туристи були пограбовані.
     • The device turned out to have already been destroyed.
       • Виявилося, що пристрій вже був знищений.
     • We were lucky to have been invited to the concert.
       • Ми мали щастя, що нас запросили на концерт.
     • He is unlikely to have been taken to the hospital. - Малоймовірно, що його вже забрали до лікарні. __________________________________________________________

Вправи на використання Perfect Infinitive: Have + Past Participle

1. Закінчіть фрази, використовуючи Perfect Infinitive:
   1. I was shocked to ____________ (hear) that she had resigned.
   2. By the time we arrived, they ____________ (leave) the party.
   3. She claimed ____________ (visit) all the major cities in Europe.
   4. They pretended not ____________ (see) the accident.
   5. Before the deadline, I hope ____________ (complete) the project.
2. Перекладіть наступні речення англійською мовою, використовуючи Perfect Infinitive: 1. Він стверджує, що вже закінчив свою домашню роботу.2. Ми б вибрали залишитися в теплій країні протягом всього зимового сезону. 3. Нажаль, вона заявила, що пропустила найцікавіше шоу. 4. Ми сподіваємося, що вони завершать будівельні роботи до кінця літа. 5. Перш ніж я повернуся додому, я хочу написати книгу. 3. Заповніть пропуски, використовуючи правильну форму Perfect Infinitive:

• She pretended not ____________ (eat) the cake.
• I am glad to ____________ (find) this rare book.
• They are expected ____________ (arrive) by noon.
• You should ____________ (read) the instructions before starting.
• We hope ____________ (receive) the feedback soon.

4. Створіть речення, використовуючи майбутній доконаний час із Perfect Infinitive:

• _____________________________________________________________________.
• _____________________________________________________________________.
• _____________________________________________________________________.

5. Замініть виділені частини речень на Perfect Infinitive:

• They may have got married in June.
• The tourists are reported to have been robbed.
• You should have come earlier.
• She seems to have quit the job.

6. Перефразуйте наступні речення, використовуючи Perfect Infinitive:

• It seems that he abandoned his family.
• They say that she finished her degree last year.
• It appears that they already signed the contract.
• I heard that he regretted not studying harder for the exam.

7. Заповніть прогалини, використовуючи правильну форму Perfect Infinitive:

• The document seems ____________ (sign) by the manager.
• We would have preferred ____________ (stay) at a small hotel.
• She claimed ____________ (meet) a number of famous people.
• I am fortunate ____________ (witness) the spectacular sunset.

8.Створіть умовні речення третього типу, використовуючи Perfect Infinitive:  

• _____________________________________________________________________.
• _____________________________________________________________________.
• _____________________________________________________________________.

9. Замініть выділені частини речень на Perfect Infinitive:

• We hope to finish the building works by the end of March.
• I am glad that I found my soul mate.
• He pretended not to notice me.
• By the end of summer, I will come back home.

10. Заповніть прогалини з правильною формою Perfect Infinitive:

• The team was proud ____________ (achieve) the highest sales record.
• He was excited ____________ (try) a new dish at the restaurant.
• They are going to be happy ____________ (visit) the new museum.
• After the storm passed, we were glad ____________ (secure) the windows in time.
• She was pleased ____________ (hear) the good news.
  ВІДПОВІДІ:

  1. Закінчіть речення, використовуючи Perfect Infinitive:
     • I was shocked to have heard that she had resigned.
     • By the time we arrived, they had left the party.
     • She claimed to have visited all the major cities in Europe.
     • They pretended not to have seen the accident.
     • Before the deadline, I hope to have completed the project.
  2. Перекладіть наступні речення англійською мовою, використовуючи Perfect Infinitive
     • He claims to have already finished his homework.
     • We would prefer to have stayed in a warm country for the entire winter season.
     • Unfortunately, she claimed to have missed the most interesting show.
     • We hope that they will have finished the construction works by the end of summer.
     • Before I return home, I want to have written a book.
  3. Вставте відсутні частини, використовуючи правильну форму Perfect Infinitive:
     • She pretended not to have eaten the cake.
     • I am glad to have found this rare book.
     • They are expected to have arrived by noon.
     • You should have read the instructions before starting.
     • We hope to have received the feedback soon.
  4. Створіть речення, використовуючи майбутній доконаний час із Perfect Infinitive:
     • By the end of this month, I will have visited three different countries.
     • They will have completed the renovation of their house by next year.
     • By the time you come back, I will have finished redecorating your room.
  5. Замініть виділені частини речень на Perfect Infinitive:
     • They may have got married in June.
       • They may have gotten married in June.
     • The tourists are reported to have been robbed.
       • The tourists are reported to have suffered a robbery.
     • You should have come earlier.
       • You should have arrived earlier.
     • She seems to have quit the job.
       • She seems to have resigned from the job.
  6. Перефразуйте наступні речення, використовуючи Perfect Infinitive:
     • It seems that he abandoned his family.
       • He seems to have abandoned his family.
     • They say that she finished her degree last year.
       • She is said to have finished her degree last year.
     • It appears that they already signed the contract.
       • They appear to have already signed the contract.
     • I heard that he regretted not studying harder for the exam.
       • He is heard to have regretted not studying harder for the exam.
  7. Заповніть прогалини, використовуючи правильну форму Perfect Infinitive::
     • The document seems to have been signed by the manager.
     • We would have preferred to have stayed at a small hotel.
     • She claimed to have met a number of famous people.
     • I am fortunate to have witnessed the spectacular sunset.
  8. Створіть умовні речення третього типу, використовуючи Perfect Infinitive:
     • If he had studied harder, he would have passed the exam.
     • If she had known about the event, she would have attended.
     • If they had arrived on time, they would have caught the train.
  9. Замініть выділені частини речень на Perfect Infinitive:
     • We hope to finish the building works by the end of March.
       • We hope to have finished the building works by the end of March.
     • I am glad that I found my soul mate.
       • I am glad to have found my soul mate.
     • He pretended not to notice me.
       • He pretended not to have noticed me.
     • By the end of summer, I will come back home.
       • By the end of summer, I will have come back home.
  10. Заповніть прогалини з правильною формою Perfect Infinitive:

  • The team was proud to have achieved the highest sales record.
  • He was excited to have tried a new dish at the restaurant.
  • They are going to be happy to have visited the new museum.
  • After the storm passed, we were glad to have secured the windows in time.
  • She was pleased to have heard the good news.